Uruguay's 4 Stars | UruguayFootyHistory

The Status of the 1924 and 1928 Olympic football tournaments
[English version]

The four stars above Uruguay's football crest represent the four FIFA recognized senior (non-amateur) world titles won by the Uruguay national football team in 1924, 1928, 1930 and 1950.[1] The Olympic football tournaments of Paris 1924 and Amsterdam 1928 have been recognized by global football associations from the outset as open world championships, the only editions to be subsequently accepted as equivalents to the FIFA World Cup.[2] As of May 30, 2022, the Uruguayan Football Association has announced that Uruguay have been permitted to continue wearing four stars on their football crest for the fifth consecutive FIFA World Cup tournament.[3][4] On February 12 2023, FIFA further clarified this by officially publishing the history of them recognizing those particular Olympic football tournaments as legitimate world championships.[68]

The Amateur Era: 1900-1920

Before Paris 1924, every Olympic football tournament (organized by the International Olympic Committee and the hosting football association) was exclusive to amateur athletes.[5] At the 1914 FIFA Congress, the Swiss Football Association proposed that all Olympic football tournaments would be considered “amateur world championships”.[6] However, in 1921, Jules Rimet definitely rejected this proposal when he assumed the role of FIFA president, leading to an era where FIFA began exercising a significant increase in authority that brought to a start their first professional era.[3]

FIFA Organizes the 1924 and 1928 Olympic Football championships as Open Tournaments

The 1924 and 1928 Olympic football tournaments had several distinctions that separate them from other editions organized before and after. Firstly, these championships were principally administered by FIFA, the French and Dutch football associations, respectively, without obstructive involvement from the International Olympic Committee.[7] Secondly, these two Olympic football tournaments were the first ones in history that were open to all players, including professionals.[8]

As politician and journalist Louis Gauthier-Chaumet wrote in the French publication L’Auto (now known as L'Équipe), the 1924 football tournament started to become officially promoted as "the first world championship with the best 500 footballers on the planet".[9] Furthermore, for the first time, a new name was adopted for the competition, in addition to its Olympic designation: “Tournoi Mondial de Football de VIII Olimpiade” (“World Football Tournament at the Eighth Olympiad”). The 1924 edition was to be an "open" tournament (to include professionals) that fulfilled all of FIFA’s conditions for a world championship.[10] As quoted in issue #36 of the French Football Federation’s official former publication France Football (page 330): “We are entering the active period of the organization of the famous tournament that in a month will bring together 23 nations in Paris for the title of world champion.”[11] These conditions can be seen in FIFA’s official Info Plus document: ″At the 1924 Congress, FIFA agreed to assume responsibility for the organization of the Olympic Football Tournament by ratifying the proposal that ‘on condition that the Olympic Football Tournament takes place in accordance with the Regulations of FIFA’, the latter shall recognize this as a world football championship.” The 1924 tournament was a great success with 60,000 spectators following the final between Uruguay and Switzerland. The South Americans won 3-0 and were celebrated as world champions in Montevideo.″[3][6]

FIFA’s Definition of Amateurism Through the Years

On June 3 1921, at the Olympic Congress in Lausanne, it was decreed that the official definition of an “amateur” footballer could only be decided by the national governing body of each football association.[12] This was the official designation of the term, until 1924 when any mention of the word “amateur” was removed from every official FIFA and IOC document, only to finally reappear in 1956 at FIFA's Lisbon congress.[13] This reflected FIFA President Julles Rimet’s aim to turn the 1924 Olympic football championship into an open tournament for professional players.[6][3]

FIFA’s Responsibilities at the 1924 Olympic Football Tournament

As noted by historian Pierre Arrighi in his book 1924: Primer Mundial de Futbol de La Historia (1924: First Football World Championship in History), the International Olympic Committee delegated all matters of organization for the 1924 and 1928 Olympic football tournaments to FIFA, as well as the French and Dutch football associations, respectively.[14] These responsibilities, which gave FIFA near autonomous control in the organization of these tournaments, included the creation of: “General guidelines, taking charge of international aspects of the game, delegating the local execution and programming actions to the national association headquarters, in addition to controlling and validating everything necessary in terms of organization.”[14]

FIFA further expounded on their conditions for organizing the 1924 Olympic football tournament, which included: choosing the best professional referees from around the world and the members of the Tribunal of Complaints to be administered by "five members designated by FIFA, and that their decisions would be unappealable by the International Olympic Committee".[15] The official FFF publication of the time, France Football, covered in detail the weekly preparations before the 1924 Olympic football tournament began, confirming in several instances that the IOC agreed to not exercise power over FIFA following the ruling at their Geneva congress in 1923.[16][17]

This edict was further clarified during the July 30, 1923 session of the French Football Federation, where it was stated that both the FFF and FIFA would be placed in charged of the Eighth Olympiad tournament "under the auspices of the Olympic Games"[18] In addition to these duties, both FIFA and the local organizing football association were responsible for administering official news publications and promotional materials for the tournament. Issues #1-44 of the FFF's former official France Football publication features in-depth coverage of the administrative side of the 1924 Olympic football tournament.[19] Moreover, the August 24, 1923 edition of this periodical definitively confirmed the footballing character of this world championship: "Since we are talking about the Olympic Games, the season that is about to begin will constitute for all the nations of the globe a vast preparation for that world championship."[20]

FIFA, the French Football Federation and World Media Outlets Promote the 1924 World Championship

The official promotional media for the 1924 Olympic football tournament, which was managed by FIFA and the French Football Federation, played an integral part in establishing the tournament as an official open world championship, to not limit it to amateurs and open it to all professionals.[26] This distinction was later echoed by international media outlets, leading to this narrative becoming commonly established in several parts around the world.[22] [23]

One of the first mentions of this tournament being considered more than just an Olympic title was Baron Pierre de Coubertin, no less than the founder of the International Olympic Committee, who also confirmed that the 1924 and 1928 Olympic football tournaments were regarded as (non-amateur) world championships in a May edition of the L’Auto publication.[24][9] Former footballer turned journalist Lucien Gamblin, writing for L’Auto and France Football, also made a point to clarify the expectations on the part of the players and teams by continuously citing the 1924 Olympic football tournament as the first ever legitimate world championship.[25] [26] In addition to this, Gamblin wrote in the official 1924 Olympic supplement Très Sports, which was both approved by FIFA and the French Football Federation: "We are actually going to attend a real football world championship, the first ever organized."[27]

As well, FIFA President Jules Rimet and Henri Delaunay, one of the early architects of the FIFA World Cup, stated that the winners of the 1924 Olympic football tournament would claim the “title of champion of the world”.[28] In these publications, Delaunay also described: “The unforgettable hours lived by those who have the rare privilege of seeing the elite of football players from around the world on the Parisian grounds."[29] On the June 6th edition of this newsletter, he called the championship an "unprecedented test in the history of the sport", which Jules Rimet defended.[36] The June 13th edition of Delaunay’s editorial further emphasizes the momentous standing of this first FIFA organized global football tournament: “The end of this prodigious Football Tournament that will mark a glorious date in French sports history and in the world history of football".[28]

Around the world, international media outlets followed suit by promoting the tournament as both an Olympic and open (non-amateur) world championship before, during and after the event. Some of the examples and scans from these publications come from Switzerland, France, Spain, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay.[31][32][33][34][2]

• Switzerland: The Swiss publication “Le Triomphe de Nos Couleurs” (The Triumph of our Colours) presents a large number of newspaper clippings that confirm the global professional character of the 1924 Olympic football tournament.[13]

• France: In Football Joie du Monde Maurice Pefferkorn wrote in detail of the expectations for the 1924 Olympic football final between Uruguay and Switzerland as a match where "a world champion title was at stake".[35] Moreover, the publication Les Sports reported that the Swiss National Football team "dreamed of the reception that would have been given to the red devils if they could bring back the world trophy..."[23]

• Spain: Mundo Deportivo from Barcelona (June 10, 1924) expounded on the "Triumph of the team that has presented itself in the world competition with the most merits" The editorial concluded that "before the power and science of the South American eleven, the jettatura that has persecuted the teams that seemed in the best position to aspire to football world supremacy."[5]

• Argentina: The Publication Mundo Argentino devoted entire pages to "the Uruguayans who won the most glorious laurels in a World Olympiad..."[5] Additionally, the newspaper El Plata interviewed the Hungarian coach Pozzsony before the tournament, who stated that "the Uruguayans were favorites in the world competition for their science, their discipline, their formidable dribbling and the shots from their strikers."[34] The same newspaper published that "Uruguay were champions of the world!" after the Olympic victory of 1924.[31] Furthermore, the publication El Dia wrote this after Uruguay's 1924 Olympic victory: "At the mere idea that a group of boys from our neighbourhood had become first in the world in something".[32] After the end of the tournament El Dia reported "the eleven brand-new world champions now gave themselves a well-deserved rest."[32]

• Chile: Chilean newspaper La Nacion from June of 1924 refers to Uruguay as the world champions: “Yesterday's solemn session of the Chilean football federation. It is agreed to start a public auction to mint gold medals that Chile will present to the world champions.”[34]

• Uruguay: El Pais of Montevideo reported before the 1924 Olympic football tournament: "It is not the first time that we have heard predictions of the triumph of our footballers in the World Championship that will begin in a few days in Colombes" and "we consider out of place those current assertions that are made that the Uruguayan team will occupy the first place in the world contest."[34] As such, on June 7, two days before the final match of the 1924 Olympic football tournament, El Pais ostensibly maintained that "we were about to become world champions."[32] The following day, the publication La Razon announced that "one more day and the Uruguayans will have qualified as world champions."[5]

FIFA Increases Their Authority for Amsterdam 1928

The 1928 Olympic football tournament in Amsterdam saw another crucial step in FIFA gaining even more autonomy from the International Olympic Committee. For the 1928 tournament, FIFA President Jules Rimet insisted that only professionals could participate, making the conditions for this tournament identical to the inaugural World Cup in 1930.[36] Historian Pierre Arrighi further elaborated in his research: “FIFA presented ultra-professionalism options in its regulations and it can be said that 1928 was just like a FIFA World Cup, totally separated by regulation from the IOC, even opposed to the IOC, a clear transition between 1924 and 1930.”[36]

The rupture between FIFA and the IOC did not last long. In 1932, there was no Olympic football tournament. However, in 1936, FIFA again took over the coordination of football in Berlin. This time, the IOC imposed an amateur regulation, allowing European nations to only field “B or C teams” in an attempt to differentiate this competition from the recently established World Cup.[37]

FIFA's Official Uniform Regulations

FIFA has strict conditions for the adding of stars on a national team's football crest during the FIFA World Cup: ″Member Associations whose first men’s or women’s representative teams have won one or more of the previous editions of the FIFA World Cup™, the FIFA Women’s World Cup™, the FIFA Futsal World Cup or the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup may display on the Playing Equipment items used by such first men’s or women’s representative teams a five-pointed star, or other symbol as instructed by FIFA, per each edition of the FIFA World Cup™, the FIFA Women’s World Cup™, the FIFA Futsal World Cup or the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup won by such first men’s or women’s representative teams of the Member Association.″[38][39][40] Following these official FIFA guidelines, the Uruguayan national football team has been permitted to wear their four stars on their crest in five consecutive World Cup appearances: 2002, 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022.[60] An example of FIFA not approving stars on a sports crest occurred in 2018, when the Egyptian National Team had to remove their seven stars (representing the seven African Cup of Nations that they had previously won) before the World Cup in Russia.[42][43]

FIFA distances itself from the International Olympic Committee
(See Spanish version)

In his book “Thirty-six Lies by Jules Rimet: A Critique of the influential book ‘Wonderful History of the World Cup’”, historian Pierre Arrighi examines the creation of a contemporary revisionist history of football, which attempted to distance FIFA from their history with the International Olympic Committee.[1] Arrighi notes several statements made by proponents of this version of history (notably: certain FIFA executives and football historians) that directly contradicts ones made by past FIFA representatives, official promotional media, the French Football Federation (in 1924), the Dutch Football Association (in 1928), the International Olympic Committee, as well as FIFA President Jules Rimet himself.[16] Firstly, in his 1954 book Histoire Merveilleuse de la Coupe du Monde (Wonderful History of the World Cup) Jules Rimet for the first time began to distance FIFA from its Olympic history by declaring that the first world championship was the 1930 FIFA World Cup.[17] Rimet's growing disdain towards the Olympic movement in general was something that was well known in his later years as a reason for this change in perspective.[18] Thus, Rimet began to distance himself from prominent football figures like Pierre de Coubertin, even through, as Arrighi wrote: "Coubertin's Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques founded FIFA in 1904 and Jules Rimet held various positions within the French Olympic bodies for virtually his entire lifetime. Secondly, FIFA directly managed the football tournaments at the Olympics in 1924, and 1928, and from 1936 onwards, and their worldwide development after 1923 was largely due to the power of attraction exerted by the Olympic games."[18] Rimet’s attempted to minimizes his well known relationship with Henri Delaunay, a very prominent French football administrator of the time, and Baron Pierre de Coubertin (founder of the International Olympic Committee).[18] Jules Rimet's contradictory version of football history was later adopted in 1980 by Joseph Blatter (at the time FIFA's Technical Director), who asked Tony Mason (History Professor at the De Montfort University in Leicester) and French Historian Alfred Wahl to create a book titled FIFA 1904-2004: The Century of Football.[19] This book was meant to reflect this newly cultivated version of football history which would situate FIFA as the primary organization that exclusively organized the first football world championship.[19] Due to this publication, a dissimilar view of history began to circulate, stating that every edition of the Olympic football tournaments before 1930, including the open (non-amateur) tournaments in 1924 and 1928, were to be considered "amateur world titles" at a lesser standing to the FIFA World Cup.[20] This narrative was further broadcasted in FIFA's 2017 book The Official History of the FIFA World Cup.[16] However, critics from around the world (such as: historians Pierre Arrighi of France and Márcio Trevisan of Brazil) began to find several issues with this revisionist attempt. For example, Arrighi noted that the committees assigned to write these books were only made up of Europeans, proving a prejudiced bias, with no South Americans at the table.[8]

Arrighi continued to denounce how several of these authors still questioned FIFA's involvement with the International Olympic Committee as one of their only arguments against the recognition of the 1924 and 1928 Olympic football tournaments as open (non-amateur) world championships. For example, Arrighi noted that FIFA's author Tony Mason erroneously mentioned that the IOC was issuing its authority over FIFA "from above", although there are primary documents proving the contrary: that FIFA had autonomy over the IOC in the 1924 Olympic football tournament, as well as in the 1928 edition.[8] Arrighi also recorded that, in reality, there are several published instances that prove that neither the French National Olympic and Sports Committee nor the International Olympic Committee wanted to get involved with FIFA, and instead orchestrated Jules Rimet's isolation and total impermeability between the football tournament and the rest of the Olympic games.[21] Regarding this division of powers, Arrighi wrote: "As the successive statements published by France Football clearly demonstrate, Rimet's position was not to leave the Olympic Games, but to enter more, much higher and more definitively as a major influencer."[8]

Moreover, the leading organizations that administered the Olympic football tournaments of 1924 and 1928 have confirmed on several occasions FIFA's relationship with the International Olympic Committee during the time of those tournaments. For example, in their officially sanctioned book 100 Historical Dates Objects of French Football (published in 2011), the French Football Federation wrote that "in the middle of those crazy years, the tournament at the Paris Olympic Games was a real success", and that "in its organization, the French National Olympic and Sports Committee acted jointly with FIFA and the French Football Federation", conclusively rejecting Tony Mason's assertion of FIFA's lack of involvement and influence in the 1924 and 1928 Olympic football tournaments.[22]

Arrighi concluded that Jules Rimet was also the Vice President of France's National Olympic and Sports Committee, and that he had been instructed to prepare the infrastructures common to all disciplines (such as: fields, administration duties and the management of the Olympic Village), as well as being in charge of summoning all the athletes.[23] The current position of FIFA's public relations services noted that "The 1924 tournament was a test of high sporting value organized by FIFA", disproving the contradicting arguments proposed by Rimet in 1954, and Tony Mason posteriorly.[23] As well, in 2010, FIFA 's official position regarding the 1924 and 1928 Olympic Football tournaments was transmitted to Pierre Arrighi by their Public Relations Service in an email dated August 3, 2010. The message stated that FIFA "recognized the 2 additional stars of Uruguay as precursor tournaments of the World Cup, of high sporting level and organized by FIFA."[8]

Past Tournaments that have Changed their Designation over the Years

Historian Pierre Arrighi also criticized Tony Mason’s argument that a football tournament needs to be named “FIFA World Cup ©” to have it officially designated as a senior open (non-amateur) world title recognized by FIFA.[50] Through his research, Arrighi points out that the term “FIFA World Cup ©” was first used for the 1982 edition and that the names of all prior World Cups were chosen by the local organizing football association, despite several instances of objections from FIFA.[50] For example, this occurred in the 1954 World Cup when the Swiss Football Association officially named their tournament “Championnat du Monde de Football” (World Football Championship), despite FIFA President Jules Rimet wanting the tournament to be called the “Coupe Jules Rimet”.[1][50]

Arrighi further noted several major international competitions that have maintained the legitimacy of their titles, despite various name changes over past decades. For example the South American football championship changing its name in 1975 to the Copa America did not affect the validity of past editions.[53] Moreover, a similar occurrence happened in 2017 When FIFA decreed the Intercontinental Cup as an official predecessor to the FIFA Club World Cup, counting all editions of the former as official equivalents to the FIFA Club World Cup.[54][29]

The FIFA Museum Recognizes the 1924 and 1928 Olympic football tournaments as (non-amateur) world championships

The FIFA Museum in Zurïch, Switzerland has mentions of FIFA's recognition of the 1924 and 1928 Olympic football tournaments being officially recognizes as (non-amateur) senior world titles, equivalent to the FIFA World Cup. For example: • In a section showcasing one of Uruguay’s Olympic gold medals, a plaque states: "By Winning Olympic Gold in 1924 and 1928, and the World Cup in 1930, Uruguay achieved a hat-trick of World titles".[64]

• The FIFA Museum also includes the 1924 and 1928 Olympics when referencing Uruguay’s record undefeated streak at the FIFA World Cup: “Before their defeat by Hungary, Uruguay were undefeated in 21 world championship matches spread over 30 years, which includes two Olympics and three World Cups.”[65]

• A section featuring an old pocket watch owned by Uruguayan forward Pedro Petrone reads: "Petrone was world champion three times and scored for Uruguay in the 1924 and 1928 Olympic finals".[66]

The 1924/1928 Olympic Football tournaments were more Representative than Subsequent World Cups

Football historians Pierre Arrighi and Marcio Trevisan noted that the 1924 and 1928 Olympic Football tournaments fulfilled more of FIFA’s official expectations for a world championship than several of the FIFA World Cups that came afterwards. For example: The 1924 and 1928 Olympic football tournament included nations from 5 continents, while subsequent tournaments had much less. The 1950 FIFA World Cup only had 3 continents represented, and the 1954 FIFA World Cup only had 4.[58] Pierre Arrighi notes how the 1934 and 1938 FIFA World Cups were all but European events: "In 1934, four continents were presented: in addition to the 13 European teams, only the United States, Brazil and a B team from Argentina participated.

In 1938, the panorama continued to deteriorate and the tournament became almost exclusively European in quality, with the presence of a team from Brazil not very representative of the South American level and the participation of Cuba and the Dutch Indies of a fundamentally folkloric character."[60][61] Renowned football author and historian Eduardo Galeano also remarked that the 1934 World Cup as being far less representative than the 1924 and 1928 Olympic football tournaments hosted by FIFA: "Like the preceding one, this 1938 tournament was a European championship."[62][63]

FIFA Museum recognition

2023: FIFA published an article on FIFA.com further clarifying their stance on the 1924 and 1928 Olympic football tournaments. The publication explains how, in 1992, FIFA accepted that Uruguay could display 4 stars on their crest as those two Olympic tournaments were recognized for their: "...open-for-all nature, colluding with the recognition of FIFA and several other football associations, provided legitimacy to the competitions and, thus...could be classified as world championships.[68]

References

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^ ARRIGHI, PIERRE (2020). FUTBOL MUNDIAL : los archivos de 1924. [Place of publication not identified]: Books ON DEMAND. p. Citation #106. ISBN 232219302X.
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^ ARRIGHI, PIERRE (2020). FUTBOL MUNDIAL : los archivos de 1924. [Place of publication not identified]: Books ON DEMAND. p. Citation #3333. ISBN 232219302X.
^ Campo, Carlo. "FIFA recognizes all winners of Intercontinental Cup as club world champions". The Score Canada. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ Jump up to:a b
^ ARRIGHI, PIERRE (2020). FUTBOL MUNDIAL : los archivos de 1924. [Place of publication not identified]: Books ON DEMAND. p. Citation #322. ISBN 232219302X.
^ ARRIGHI, PIERRE (2014). FUTBOL MUNDIAL : los archivos de 1924. [Place of publication not identified]: Books ON DEMAND. p. Chapter 7.1 A Modo de Conclusion: Los Torneos de Futbol Anteriores. ISBN 232219302X.
^ ARRIGHI, PIERRE (2020). FUTBOL MUNDIAL : los archivos de 1924. [Place of publication not identified]: Books ON DEMAND. p. Citation #2002. ISBN 232219302X.
^ ARRIGHI, PIERRE (2020). FUTBOL MUNDIAL : los archivos de 1924. [Place of publication not identified]: Books ON DEMAND. p. Citation #63,64. ISBN 232219302X.
^ ARRIGHI, PIERRE (2020). FUTBOL MUNDIAL : los archivos de 1924. [Place of publication not identified]: Books ON DEMAND. p. Citation #208. ISBN 232219302X.
^ ARRIGHI, PIERRE (2020). FUTBOL MUNDIAL : los archivos de 1924. [Place of publication not identified]: Books ON DEMAND. p. Citation #218. ISBN 232219302X.
^ ARRIGHI, PIERRE (2020). FUTBOL MUNDIAL : los archivos de 1924. [Place of publication not identified]: Books ON DEMAND. p. Citation #219. ISBN 232219302X.
^ Galeano, Eduardo (2018). Football in sun and shadow. UK: London Penguin Books. p. 78. ISBN 0241355354.
^ Gonzalez, Lorenzo (31 May 2021). "FIFA Museum Photo #1". Archived from the original on 10 July 2022.
^ Gonzalez, Lorenzo (7 April 2022). "FIFA Museum Photo #2". Archived from the original on 10 July 2022.
^ Gonzalez, Lorenzo (6 August 2021). "FIFA Museum Photo #3". Archived from the original on 10 July 2022.
Gonzalez, Lorenzo (4 July 2022). "4 Publications from 1924-1930, including Très Sports announcing the 1924 world championship at the Olympic games". Archived from the original on 6 July 2022.
Mehrish, Akshat (February 12, 2023). "The stars that adorn La Celeste: Why Uruguay display four flourishes on their crest". FIFA.com.